5.0 Kfpo;g;Giu
“gz;Gilahh; gl;Lz; Lyfk; mJtpd;Nwy;
kz;Gf;F kha;tJ
kd;.”
vd;gJ ts;Sth;
tha;nkhop.
cyfk; ey;topapy; ,aq;Ftjw;Fg; gz;Gilahh;
tho;tJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. ehk; tho;fpd;w r%fr; #o;epiyia xl;b ekJ gz;ghL mikfpwJ. gbj;j gz;ghlhd
kdpjh;fsplk; $l ngz; rkj;Jtk; kjpg;gw;w epiyapy; ,d;wstpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ngz;fs;> rKjhaj;jpd; goikahd khWgl;l eilKiwf;F xt;thj gof;ftof;fq;fspypUe;J
ntspNawpg; ghuk;ghpak;> kuGfs; Nghd;w jisfspypUe;J tpLgl;Lj; jq;fsJ
jdpj;Jtj;ij ntspg;gLj;jTk;> jkJ gz;ghl;bid epiy epWj;Jtjw;fhd topKiwfisAk; ,t;tpay;
tpsf;FfpwJ.
5.1 gz;ghL
-tpsf;fk;
kdpjd; rKjhaj;jpd;
XH mq;fk;. vdNt> kdpjd; NgRk; nkhop> mzpAk; Mil> cz;Zk; czT> thOk;
Kiw> nra;Ak; gzp> vz;zq;fs;> Mfpait mtd; rhHe;j rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;il
ntspg;gLj;Jk; thapy;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd. gz;ghL vd;gjw;Fr; ‘rPh;g;gLj;Jjy;’ my;yJ ‘jpUj;Jjy;’ vd;gJ nghUshFk;. r%f ,ay; mwpQHfspd; (Social
Scientists) fUj;jpd;gb gz;ghL vd;gJ> tho;f;if Kiw (way of life) vd;gjhFk;. kdpj
cwTfis tsh;j;Jr; r%fj;jpd; kjpg;ig epiyepWj;jTk; gz;ghL Jiz GhpfpwJ. gz;G vd;w
nrhy;ypw;Fj; ~jFjp~ vd;w nghUSk; cz;L.[i]
gz;ghL vd;w nrhy;Yf;FMq;fpyj;jpy;culturevd;wnrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.(Nt.Kj;Jyf;Fkp>gz;ghl;Lr;
rpe;jidfs;>mdpjh gjpg;gfk;> jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp>g.vz;.14)
5.1.1 gz;ghl;Lf;
$Wfs;
rq;ffhyk; Kjw;nfhz;L ngz;zpdk; jd;dyk; fUjh
Nehf;Filajhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. vspahhplj;J ,dpikahfg; NgRtJ> Gjpjha; te;j
xOf;fKs;s mayhiu tpUe;Njhk;GtJ> ,ug;Nghh;f;F ,LtJ> ,ad;wtiu gpwUf;F
cjTtJ> nfhs;ifAk;>khdKk; nfbd; caph; tpLtJ Nghd;w $Wfs; gz;ghl;bw;Fs;
mlq;Fk;. ve;j xU kdpjDk; gz;ghl;Lf; $WfSld; gpwg;gjpy;iy. vdNt>
tk;rhtopahf (biological inheritance) mtdplk; gz;ghL
te;J NruhJ. mtdhfNt> gpwhplkpUe;J njhpe;J nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. Foe;ij jdJ
mDgtj;jpdhYk;> gpwiug; Nghyr; nra;jypdhYk; (imitation) gz;ghl;ilj; njhpe;J
nfhs;SfpwJ. jd;idr; Rw;wp ,Uf;Fk; kf;fs; vd;d NgRfpwhHfs;> vd;d
nra;fpwhHfs;> vij vij vy;yhk; rhp vd;W nrhy;fpwhHfs;> vijnay;yhk; jtW
vd;W $WfpwhHfs; vd;gdtw;iwf; ftdpj;Jk; (watching), $He;J Nehf;fpAk;
(observation)> jhd; rhHe;j
rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lf;$Wfisj; njhpe;J nfhs;SfpwJ.
xt;nthU kdpj
rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; xU gz;ghL cz;L. xU rKjhaj;jpy; thOfpd;w ngUk;ghd;ikahd kf;fspd;
xUkpj;j elj;ijfisAk;> vz;zq;fisAk; mJ ntspg;gLj;Jk;. xU rKjhaj;jpy;
mike;Js;s fiy> ek;gpf;if> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> nkhop> ,yf;fpak;>
tpOkpaq;fs; (Values) Kjypad me;jr; rKjhaj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lf;
$Wfs; vdg;gLk;. tho;f;ifapy; caHe;j Fwpf;Nfhis miltijg; gz;ilf;fhyj; jkpoH kpfr; rpwe;j
gz;ghl;Lf;$whff;; fUjpdH.
5.2 ,y;ywf;
flikfs;
gpwtpfspy;
kf;fl;gpwtp kpfTk; Nkd;ikahdJ. ,e;epiyapy; rpwe;j kf;fshf tpsq;fg; gz;ghL
kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ.
FLk;g tho;T
rpwg;ghf mikag; ngz;fSf;Fg; gz;ghL kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjjhfpwJ. MltUk;>
ngz;bUk; fUj;njhUkpj;J tho;tJ ,y;yw tho;f;if. ,y;ywj;jhh;f;F Ie;J tifahd flikfs;
tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. Njth;fisg; G+rpj;jy;
2. Ntjq;fisf;; fw;wy;
3. jha; je;ijah;f;Fr; Nrit nra;jy;
4. gR> fhfk;> eha;> vWk;G Nghd;w caphpdq;fl;F
czT mspj;jy;
5. tpUe;Njhk;gy;> kdpjh;fSf;F cjTjy;
Nghd;wtw;iwg; ghujg; gz;ghLfshff; fUjyhk;.
,y;tho;f;ifapy;
ngz; jiyik ,lj;ijg; ngw;whs;. ehk;
tho;fpd;w r%fr; #o;epiyia xl;b ekJ gz;ghL mikfpwJ. ghuk;ghpakhd #o;epiyapy; tsh;e;j
ngz;fs; jkJ gz;ghl;il kwg;gjpy;iy.
,r;rKjhak; rhjp>
kjk;> topghL> rlq;Ffs;> %lg; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> ntsptl;lhuj; njhlh;G
vdg; gytw;wpYk; ngz;zpw;F rl;l jpl;lq;fis tFj;Js;sJ. ngz;fs; ,itaidj;ijAk;
tpyf;fp tpl;L ntsptu KbahJ. Rje;jpuk; vd;w Nghh;itapy; mJ gz;ghl;bw;F ,ilA+W
jUtjhf mikAk;. ngz;fs; jdJ gz;ghl;bypUe;J tpyfhkYk;> jdJ Rje;jpuj;ij tpl;Lf;
nfhLf;fhkYk; thog; goFjy; Ntz;Lk;. ekJ ,d;iwa r%f mikg;gpy; rPjdKiw>
Mzhjpf;f eilKiwfs; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fis cs;thq;fp mtw;NwhL ,zq;fp tho;jy;
ngz;zpd;; flikahff; fUjg; ngWfpd;wJ.
5.2.1 ,y;tho;f;ifapy; md;G
,y;tho;f;iff;F md;G Ntz;Lk;. md;Gld; tho;tNj
,y;tho;Nthhpd; gz;G. md;ig tsh;g;gjw;F ahUf;Fk; jilapy;iy. mJ Nghy cz;ikahd
md;ig milj;J itf;f ahhplKk; jho; ,y;iy. md;G kyUkplk; fhjy; tho;T. mJ gz;gLk; ,lk; FLk;g tho;thf
kyUfpwJ.
FLk;g tho;f;iff;Fj;
Jizahf mikfpd;wtNs kidtp. ve;jf; FLk;gk; ,d;gkhfTk;> mikjpahfTk;> rPUk;>
rpwg;GkhfTk; ,Uf;fpwNjh> mq;F Muha;e;J ghh;j;jhy;> FLk;gj;jiytpapd;
gz;ghNl mjw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhf mike;Js;sJ. md;Gld; ,y;tho;f;if mikahjjpdhy; ngz;zpw;F
Vw;gl;l Jd;gq;fisf; fy;fp>
- jpahfg+kp;- rhtpj;jphp
- miyXir - rPjh
- miyXir- ,uh[k;
Nghd;w
ghj;jpug;gilg;Gfspd; thapyhff; fhl;bAs;shh;. FLk;gj; jiytpahdts; gz;ghl;bidf; fhg;ghw;wpdhYk;
Mzhjpf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhff; FLk;gj;jpy; rz;il Vw;gLtij ,e;ehty;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.FLk;gj;jpy;
md;G FiwAk;NghJ rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gLtij ,e;ehty;fs; Rl;Lfpd;wd.
5.2.2 ngz;fspd;; tiffs;
thOk;
tho;f;ifaikg;gpid mbg;gilahf itj;Jg;
ngz;fis
·
gbg;gpw;Nfw;wj; njhopy; Ntz;Lnkd;W Njbf; FLk;gj;jpYk;> njhopy; nra;Ak; ,lj;jpYk; tho;e;J tUgth;.
·
FLk;gNk cyfkha;f; fztd;> kw;Wk; gpwe;j tPl;L cwtpdh;fNshL kfpo;thd
#o;epiyapy; mlf;fj;NjhL tho;gth;.
·
jpUkz tho;T rhpahf mikahky; ,Ue;jhYk; ghrj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; FLk;gj;jpy;
tho;e;J nfhz;L r%fj;ijj; jpUj;jp tho;gth;.
·
#o;epiyapd; fhuzkhff; fd;dpg; ngz;zhfNt xOf;fj;NjhL tho;gth;.
·
XOf;fj;ijg; gw;wpf; ftiyg;glhky; kdk; Nghd gb tho;f;if elj;Jgth;.
vdg;
gpupf;fyhk;.fy;fpapd; ehty;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ngz;fs; FLk;gNk cyfkha;f;
fztd;> kw;Wk; gpwe;j tPl;L cwtpdh;fNshL kfpo;thd #o;epiyapy; mlf;fj;NjhL
tho;gtuhfTk;> jpUkztho;T rhpahf mikahky; ,Ue;jhYk; ghrj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
FLk;gj;jpy; tho;e;J nfhz;L r%fj;ijj; jpUj;jp tho;gtuhfTk;> gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jdh;.
#o;epiyapd; fhuzkhff; fd;dpg; ngz;zhfNt xOf;fj;NjhL tho;gtuhf mkujhuhtpy; Mrphpah;
RrPyh gilf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;. XOf;fj;ijg;; gw;wpf; ftiyg;glhky; kdk; Nghdgb
tho;f;if elj;Jgtuhf ]_]p - jpahfg+kpapy; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.,g;gilg;Gfspd;
thapyhfg; ngz;fs; gytpjj;jpYk; mf;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;J te;Js;sik Fwpj;J mwpa
,aYfpwJ.
5.2.3 jpahf
kdg;ghd;ik
FLk;gj;jpdh;
xt;nthUtUk; kw;wth;fSila tpUg;gj;jpw;Fk;> ntWg;Gf;Fk; kjpg;Gf; nfhLj;Jj;
jq;fSila tpUg;G> ntWg;Gf;Fk; kjpg;G nfhLg;gjd; topahf ele;J nfhs;tJ jpahf
kdg;ghd;ikahfpwJ. ,y;ywj;jpy; tpl;Lf;nfhLj;J thOk; gz;G rpwg;ghdJ. nghJ tho;tpYk; ,j;jifa gz;GfSld;
tho;tJ ed;ik gaf;Fk;. Fyj;jpd; tsh;r;rpf;F Vw;g Mz;> ngz; Mfpa ,U
jpwj;jhUila flikAk;> chpikAk>; mth;fs; Nghw;w Ntz;ba gz;GfSk; khwpf;
nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wd. mt;thNw FLk;;g tho;tpy; xt;nthUtUila flikAk;> Nghw;w
Ntz;ba gz;Gk; khwpAs;sd. rpf;fy; epiwe;j ,d;iwa FLk;g tho;tpy; FLk;gj;jpdh;
vy;NyhUila tpUg;gj;ijAk; G+h;j;jp nra;J tho;tJ mUikahdJ. tpl;;Lf; nfhLj;J thOk;
jpahfk; rpwg;ghdJ. me;jg; ngUe;jd;ik ,y;yhtpl;lhy; fztd;> kidtp $b tho
KbahJ. vt;tsT mwpT ,Ue;jhYk; NghUk;> gpzf;Fk; tsUNk jtpu md;Gk;> mikjpAk;
tsu KbahJ.,j;jifa Nehf;fpdpy; fy;fpapd; miyXir gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5.2.3.1 jd;dyk;
fztd;> kidtpahf
thOk; FLk;g tho;f;ifapy; jdpg;gl;ltUila tpUg;G> ntWg;Gf;Fg; nghpJk; kjpg;G
nfhLj;J thOk; epiyNa jd;dyk; vdyhk;. mj;jifa jd;dy kdg;ghd;ik FLk;g tho;tpw;Fj;
jPikahdJ. jPa tpyq;FfSf;F ,Ug;gJ Nghy; gpwg;gpNy jPa Fzq;fs; nfhz;L ngz;fs;
gpwg;gjpy;iy. tsh;e;J thOk; #o;epiyahy;
rpyh; kdk; nfl;L tpLfpwJ.
fztd;> kidtpahf thOk; FLk;g
tho;f;ifapy; jdpg;gl;ltUila tpUg;G> ntWg;Gfis kjpj;J thOk; kdg;Nghf;F Fiwe;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa jd;dy kdg;ghd;ik Mzhjpf;f rKjhaj;jpdhplk; epiwe;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa jd;ikahy; ngz;fs; jq;fSila Ra jpwikfis ntspf;fhl;l
,aYtjpy;iy. ~jpahf G+kp|apy; rhtpj;jphpapd; rpj;jp mtsJ jhahh;
fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jjpdhy; jPaFzq;fs; epiwe;jpUe;j jd;ikiaAk;> taJ Vw Vw
tho;f;ifapd; Nghf;ifg; Ghpe;J nfhz;L jPa
vz;zq;fisj; njhiyj;J tpl;l ey;y Fztjpahf khWtjhf mikj;Js;shh;. ngz;zpw;Fj; jhd; vd;w
epidg;igf; fhl;bYk; jkJ FLk;gj;jpw;F vd;W thOk; epiy mikaNtz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy;
ngz; ghj;jpuq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
5.2.3.2 nghiwAilik
“mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk;epyk; Nghyj; jk;ik
,fo;thh;g; nghWj;jy; jiy”. (Fws;. 151)
nghWikapy;yhj NghJ Mj;jpuk;>
Nfhgk;> Nghd;w Fzq;fs; vspjpy; tUk;. FLk;g tho;tpy; fztd;> kidtp ,UthpilNa
Vw;gLk; kdf;frg;igg; nghWj;Jf; nfhs;shtpl;lhy; tho;tpy; Jd;gKk;> gphpTk;
Vw;gLk;. FLk;gj;jpw;Fs; - kidtp> fztd;> kf;fSf;Fs; Gfohir> khd czh;r;rp ,it ,y;yhkypUe;jhy; FLk;gk;
mikjpahf elf;Fk;. ,y;iynadpy;; Nfhgk;> ntWg;G Kjypait epiwe;J Nghuhl;lq;fs;
ngUFk;. miyXirapy; rPjh - ,uhftd; FLk;gk; nghWikapy;yhjjhy; gphpT
Vw;gl;lijAk;> tPzhd re;Njfj;jpdhYk;> Nfhgj;jpdhYk; FLk;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l
tpisTfis vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shh;. cjtp nra;jthplj;jpy; md;G nrYj;JtJ vy;NyhuhYk;
KbAk;. cjtpf;F khwhfj; jPikNa nra;jthplj;Jk; md;G nrYj;JtJ kdjpy; J}a;ikAk;>
nghWikAk; epiwe;jth;fshy; kl;Lk; KbAk;. jhhpzp ghj;jpug; gilg;igf; fy;fp
miyXirapy; gilj;Jf; fhl;bajd; thapyhf ,t;Tyfpy; thoNtz;ba newpKiwapidf;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.; ,d;iwa fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; mt;thW tho;jy; mtrpakhfpwJ.
5.2.4 fw;G
kfspUf;F NkyhdJ fw;G xOf;fk; vd;W
mwpTWj;jg;gl;lJ. Miz tplg; ngz;zpw;Ff; FLk;g tho;f;ifapy; gy;NtW chpikfSk;>
flikfSk; ,Ue;jd. fw;G newpapy; tOthJ epd;W ,dpJ elj;jpa ngz;fisr; r%fk; nghpJk;
Nghw;wpaJ. fw;G vd;gJ jw;fhyj;jpy; fUjg;gLtijg; Nghy; gpwh; neQ;rpy;> kdjpy;
clyhNyh> cs;sj;jhNyh GFtjd;W. fw;gjdhy; fw;G vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ.[ii] ,e;epiy ngz;zpd; fw;Gepiyf;Fg; ghjpg;G
Vw;glhjthW mikf;fg;gl;ljhff; fUjyhk;. fw;G Fwpj;Jg; gyUk; $wpAs;sik
ftdpf;fj;jf;fjhf
mike;Js;sJ.(,uh.gpNukh>fw;G-fyhrhuk;>jkpo;g;Gj;jfhyak;>nrd;id-17>Kjy;gjpg;G-1998>g.vz;.114)
~ngz;Foe;ij gpwe;jhNy mUs;’ vd;W jpUf;Fuhdpy; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ.[iii];
~ifg;gpbj;j fztidj; jtpuj; nja;tk; Ntwpy;iy’ vd;W vz;zp> mtid topgl;L tho;tJ
jhd; fw;G. ‘ehs;NjhWk; tPL ngUf;fp. gRtpd; rhzj;ijf; fiuj;J nkOfpf; Nfhykpl;L> tPl;L
Ntiyfs; midj;Jk; nra;J> fztDf;F czT rikj;J> mtd; cz;lgpd; cz;L> mtd;
cwq;fpa gpd; cwq;fp> mtd; vOtjw;F Kd; vOe;J> mtdpl;l fl;lisfis
,d;Kfj;Jld; epiwNtw;wp> mtDf;fhfNt tho;tJ jhd; fw;Gila ngz;Zf;F moF’ vd;fpwJ mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp.
‘vz;rhz; clk;gpw;Fr; rpuNr gpujhdk;’ vd;gijg; Nghy> khjh;fSf;F vy;yhf;
Fzq;fspYk; fw;G epiyNa Kjd;ikahd mzpfydhapUf;fpwJ. fw;G epiy jtwhj ngz; kzk;
fkOk; g+khiy Nghy; ahtuhYk; ngUikg;gLj;jg;gl;lhs;.
fw;G vd;w nrhy;> ngz;Zf;F kl;Lk; chpa
nrhy; my;y. mJ nghJr; nrhy;. ~fw;G~ vd;w nrhy;iy Muha;r;rp nra;J mJ nghJr;
nrhy; vd;W epWtpAs;shh; nghpahh;. “fw;G vd;w thh;j;ijiag;
gFgjkhf;fpg; ghh;j;Njhkhdhy; fy; vd;gjpypUe;J te;jjhfTk>; mjhtJ gb-gbg;G vd;gJ Nghy; fy; - fw;G
vd;fpd;w ,yf;fzk; nrhy;yg;gl;L tUfpwJ”.[iv] jpahfg+kpapy; Foe;ij ngw;w gpd;dh; Ntiy Njbr;nrd;w epiyapy;
jtwhfg; Ngrpa xUtid mbj;j rhtpj;jphp jkJ fw;gpidf; fhg;ghw;wp te;jpUf;fpwhs;. ve;j neUf;fb
NeUk; NghJk; fz;iz %bj; JzpAk; JzpT Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;> JzpTf;F Kd;djhfNt neQ;rpy;
njspT ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijr; rhtpj;jphpapd; ghj;jpug; gilg;G tpsf;FfpwJ. xU ngz; fw;Gf;furpahf tho;e;jhYk;> mtisg;
ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba nghWg;G mtspd; fztd;> fztdpd; cld;gpwe;jhd;> khkd;> kfd;>
je;ij Mfpa ItUf;Fk; cz;L.mth;fspd; Nkw;ghh;itapy; tho;f;if elj;j Ntz;ba fld;
ngz;Zf;FhpajhfpwJ. fs;tdpd;
fhjypapy; mgpuhkpapd; fw;G epiy Kj;ijadhy; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. fw;Gepiy
khWglhj #o;epiyapy; fy;fpapd; ehty;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ ,jd;%yk; GydhfpwJ.
5.2.4.1 gjpgf;jp
jdJ je;ijapd; nrhy;gb fpotidj; jpUkzk; nra;j NghJk; jpUkzk;
nra;j gpd; fztdpd; tpUg;gg;gb kidtp tho;tJ flikahfpwJ. ,j;jifa epiyapy;
fy;fp> fy;ahzpiag; gilj;Js;shh;.[v]
5.2.5 tpUe;Njhk;Gjy;
“,Ue;Njhk;gp
,y;tho;t njy;yhk; tpUe;Njhk;gp
Ntshz;ik nra;jw; nghUl;L” (jpUf;Fws;-81)
Kw;fhyj;jpy; grpg;gpzp
Nghf;Fk; tpUe;Njhk;gy; cah;e;j gz;ghlhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. nghJ ,lq;fspy; ,d;W
tpUe;Njhk;Gjy; ,y;yhj epiyapy; rj;jpuj;jpy; tpUe;Njhk;Gjy; ele;jijf; fy;fp mkujhuhtpy;
mikj;Js;shh;.
- rj;jpuj;J mk;khs; te;J > “,iy Nghlyhkh? VNjh vd;dhyhdijr; nra;jpUf;fpNwd;”[vi] vd;Wk;>
- “mg;gbahdhy; nfhQ;rk; ghyhtJ rhg;gpL mk;kh! tPl;by; gR ,Uf;fpwJ!”[vii] vd;Wk; rj;jpuj;J mk;khs; $wpajpypUe;J gz;ilj;jkpohpd;; rPUk;> rpwg;Gk;> typTk;> nghypTk;> tpUe;Njhk;Gk; gz;gpNy ed;F ntspg;gl;lJ.
ngz;bh;
tpUe;jpdiug; Nghw;wp tuNtw;W cjTtij Kf;fpakhd Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;bUe;jdh;
vd;gij>
·
“ghl;lh! cd; rpNefpjUf;Fg; gak; kl;Le;jhd; ,y;iyah> grpAk;
fpilahjh vd;W Nfs;”[viii] vdf;
Fwpg;gpLtjpypUe;J jpUkzkhfhj kfspu; gof;fkpy;yhj Mz;fsplk; NgRtJ mf;fhyj;ija eilKiwapy;
fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ GydhfpwJ.
5.2.5.1 ,y;tho;f;if
,y;tho;f;ifapy;;
tpUe;Njhk;gy; jiyahd gz;ghff; fUjg;gl;lJ.; kidtp tpUe;Njhk;Gjiyr; rpwg;ghff;
ftdpj;J te;jhs; vd;gJ>
“ey;y ntapypNy te;jpUf;fpwPh;; nuhk;gf; fisr;Rg; NghapUf;fhg;gNy
,Uf;Nf> jhfj;Jf;F VjhtJ Fsph;e;j…”
“mnjy;yhk; vdf;fhf ePq;f ];ng\yhf fhg;gp> fPg;gpd;D xz;Zk;
NghlNtz;lhk;! jahuhapUe;jh…..”
“ed;dhUf;F ! fhg;gpf;F vd;dq;fhZk; Fiwr;ry;?
“jahuhapy;yhl;lh> xU epkp\j;jpNy MaplwJ…”
5.2.5.2; nghJ kf;fspd;
nray;ghL;
kdpj rKjhaj;jpw;F
cjtp Ghpa vz;ZtNj rpwe;j mwkhFk;.efuq;fspy; mLj;jtPl;by; ahu; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;
vd;weiy ,Uf;fpwJ, Mdhy; fpuhkq;fspy; ,e;epiy fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ> Fbahdt ];jphPfs; nfhQ;r J}uk; tz;b gpd;dhy; ele;J
nfhz;Nl> “Vk;kh>
vq;Nf te;Nj?”
“,g;gbj; jdpah te;Jl;Lg; NghwNa?”> “ghtk;! mg;gh ChpNy ,Uf;fhUd;D epidr;Rl;L te;jahf;Fk;!”> “gl;bdpahg; NghNw Nghy; ,Uf;Nf”> “MdhYk; ,e;jg; ghg;ghur; rhjpiag; Nghy; ghh;j;jjpy;iy. te;j nghz;izr;
rhg;gpl;lahd;D Nff;fhJ $l mDg;gpr;Rl;lhq;fNs?” “nfhQ;rk; ,wq;fp xU Ftis NkhuhtJ rhg;gpl;Ll;Lg; NghNak;kh!”[x]
vd;W Nfl;gjd;%yk;
njupatUfpwJ.rhjpg;gof;ftof;fj;jpid itj;J kdpjhgpkhdj;Jld; ~NkhuhtJ
Fbj;Jr;nry~>; vd;W $WtJ mf;fhyj;ijag; ngz;fspd; tpUe;Njhk;Gk; gz;gpidf; fhl;LfpwJ.
5.2.5.3 gpwh; eyk; Ngzy;
tpjit epiyapy; ngz; ,Ug;gpDk;> tpUe;Njhk;Gk; epiyapy;
tho;e;J te;Js;sik Fwpj;J>
·
jpUkzkhfhj
epiyapy; ngz; jdpj;jpUg;gJ rupad;W vdf; fUjp> “,k;khjphp Nfhb tPl;by; Ngha;f; FbapUf;fpwhNa mk;kh! ePNah
gr;irf; Foe;ij. mz;zd; vq;NfahtJ CUf;Ff; fPUf;Ff; Nghf Ntz;bapUe;jhy; vd;d
gz;Ztha;? Ngrhky; vd; tPl;Lf;F te;J vd;NdhlNa ,Ue;J tpLq;fNsd;!”;[xi] vdf; $Wk; epiyapy; fy;fp gilj;Js;shu;.
·
rhd;Nwhh; jk;
eyidr; rpe;ij nra;ahJ rKjha eyd; ehLk; NguUshsuhf tpsq;Fk; gz;ghl;bdh;. ,g;gz;ghl;bid>
“mth; nrhy;wijf; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;L ,e;jj; jpUl;L Ntiyf;F
te;jPh;fNs! vy;yhUk; jpUk;gpg; Ngha;r; NrUq;fs;. rhaq;fhyk; cq;fs; tPl;Lg; ngz;
gps;isfis tur; nrhy;Yq;fs;. jiyf;F gjf;F ney;Y nfhLj;jDg;gr; nrhy;fpNwd;. Vd;
epw;fpwPh;fs;? Nghq;fs;!”[xii]; vd;W gpwu; eyk; ehLk;
epiyapy; tpjit fy;ahzpiaf; fhz ,aYfpwJ.
5.2.5.4 kdpjNeak;
kdpjNeak; vd;gJ rKjha kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; kpf cah;e;j
gz;ghl;Lzh;T. ,g;gz;ghl;bdhy; kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; Ntw;Wik czh;Tfs; ePq;Fk;. kdpj Neak; vd;gJ
kdpjDf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba cs;sd;Gld; $ba kdepiyahFk;. mUs;> ,uf;fk;>
nfhilj;jd;ik> rf kdpjid Nerpg;gJ Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ,r;nrhy; Fwpf;fpwJ.vy;yh caph;fsplj;jpYk;
md;G fhl;b tho;tJ kdpj caph;fspd; jiyaha flik. mj;jifa flik
epiyapid>
“mg;gh> ehd;
Mj;Jf;Fg; Ngha; mty; ,br;rpUf;Nf> mjpNy nfhQ;rk; vLj;jpz;L tul;Lkh?
Foe;ijfs; grp> grpd;D fj;jwJ ghpjhgkhapUf;Nf!”[xiii] vd;W kdpjhgpkhd
czu;Tfis ntspf;fhl;bAs;shu;.
kdpjNeak; nfhz;L thohjtd; cs;sk; gz;glhj epyj;ijg; Nghd;wJ. ‘vz; rhz; clk;gpw;F
rpuNr gpujhdk;’ vd;gJ Nghy kdpj kdj;jpw;F kdpjNeak;
kpf ,d;wpaikahjJ. kdpjNeak; kwe;J Ngha;f; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w ,t;Tyfpw;F kdpj
Neaj;jpd; ntspg;ghLfisf; fy;fp “ePq;fs; Rfkhf ,Ue;j NghJ ,Ue;J tpl;Lf;
f\;lg;gLk;NghJ NghNtNdh? rPf;fpuj;jpy; ey;y fhyk; tUk;”[xiv] vd tho;it
,d;gkhfTk;> tskhfTk; mikj;Jf; nfhs;s kdpj cwTfs; FLk;gq;fshfTk;>
r%fq;fshfTk; epiwe;jpUf;fpd;w epiyapidf; fhl;bAs;shu;. jpahf G+kpapy;>
·
kdpj Neak; mw;Wg;Nghd rhjp kf;fsplkpUe;J khw;W ey;
vz;zk; nfhz;l rk;G rh];jphp
·
Nrhp kf;fSf;F cjTk; kdk; nfhz;l rhtpj;jphpapd; nfhilj;jd;ik
·
Nghd;wit kdpj Neaj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhdJ.
~cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu| ~jdp xUtDf;F cztpy;iynadpy; n[fj;jpid
mopj;jpLNthk;| ,j;jifa thpfs; cztpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ffpd;wd. ,j;jifa
Nehf;fpNyNa xUth; tapW epiwe;jhy; cs;sk;
njspthFk; vd;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L nfhl;Lk; kioapYk; Nfhapypy; gpurhjk; nfhLj;J
kf;fSf;F ey;y gy fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; gzpapy; rk;G rh];jphpiaAk; mjw;F
cjtpahf mtuJ kfs; rhtpj;jphpiaAk; fy;fp gilj;Js;shh;.
kdpj Neak; ,y;yhky; NgRk; rpj;jp
gpw;fhyj;jpy; jpUe;jp thOk; kdpj Neak; nfhz;ltuhff; fy;fp cUthf;fpAs;shh;. ,jd;
%yk; kdpj Neaj;jpw;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Jg; ghj;jpug;gilg;gpy; fy;fp
<Lgl;Ls;sJ njhpate;Js;sJ.
Ø Nrhp [dq;fspd;
Foe;ijfSf;Fj; jdJ tPl;bypUe;J ghy; vLj;J te;J nfhLf;Fk; kdpj Neak; (jpahfg+kp)
Ø jd; [hjp kf;fspd;
vjph;g;ig kPwp kdpj Neaj;Jld; thOk; rk;G rh];jphp jdJ je;ijapd; gpurq;fj;jpw;F
cjtpahf Ch; kf;fSf;Fg; gpurhjk; mspf;Fk; rhtpj;jphpapd; kdpjhgpkhdk; (jpahfg+kp)
Ø fhrpypq;fk;
jk;gjpapdUf;F tPl;il thliff;F tpLk; ngUe;jd;ik (mkujhuh)
Ø xUth; cjtp Nfl;Fk;
NghJ type;J cjtp nra;Ak; rj;jpuj;J mk;khspd; kdg;Nghf;F (mkujhuh)
Ø ts;spapd; ghl;b
jhj;jhtpd; kdpjNeag; gz;G (mkujhuh)
Ø ma;ahf;Fl;bapd;
ngUe;jd;ik (mkujhuh)
Ø fs;tdpd; fhjypapy;
jdpahf ,Uf;Fk; mgpuhkpia ghJfhf;Fk; tpjitapd; csg;ghq;F (fs;tdpd; fhjyp)
Ø miyXirapy;
rPjhtpd; tpUe;Njhk;Gk; kdpjNeak; (miyXir)
Ø uhftdpd; midj;J
kf;fisAk; Mgj;J Neuj;jpy; fhg;ghw;Wk; kdpjNeak; (miyXir)
Ø jhhpzpapd;
cyfshtpa kdpjNeak; (miyXir)
Ø #hpahtpd; gpw
caph;fisj; jd; caph; Nghy; Ngzpf; fhg;ghw;Wk; kdpjNeak; (miyXir)
kdpjd;
jd;dyk; kpFe;jtdhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mtdJ Fiwfis ePf;fp mtDs; ,Uf;Fk; cs;shh;e;j
rpy cahpa Nehf;fq;fis kdpjNeaj;Jld; ntspg;gLj;Jjy; mtrpak;> Njrgf;jpiatpl
xUtDf;F ,t;Tyfpy; Ntz;LtJ kdpjNeak;; vd;gijf; fy;fp jdJ ehty;fspy;
gilj;Js;shh;. kdpj tho;tpd; ngUikia kpspur; nra;Ak; kdpjNeak; ,jd;%yk; Gyg;gLfpwJ.
5.3 ed;wp kwthik
ed;wp kwthky; nray;gLk; gz;ghL cahpa gz;ghfj; jpUts;Sth;>
“ve;ed;wp nfhd;whh;f;Fk; ca;Tz;lhk;
ca;tpy;iy
nra;e;ed;wp nfhd;w kfw;F” (Fws; -11)
vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. mjhtJ xUth; nra;j cjtpia kwj;jy; $lhJ
vd;gijf; fy;fp>
jpahfg+kp
·
rhtpj;jphp jdJ mj;;ijapd; ngahpy; kUj;Jtkid fl;Ljy;;
·
ey;yhd; kidtp rhtpj;jphpapd; Foe;ijf;F cjTjy; miyXir
·
rPjhtpw;F urpahNgfk; eif mspj;J cjTjy;
·
yypjh tPl;by; rPjhtpw;F ,lk; mspj;jy;
·
jhhpzp rPjhtpd; Foe;ijiaf; fhg;ghw;Wjy;
mkujhuh
·
,e;Jkjp jdf;F cjtp nra;j ts;spg;ghl;bf;Fg; nghUSjtp mspj;jy;
·
RNyhrdh ,e;Jkjpiaj; jd; je;;ijaplk; ,Ue;J fhg;ghw;Wjy;
Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; mikj;Js;shh;. ehk; thOk;
fhyfl;lj;jpy; ed;wp kwthj Fzk; ,Ue;jhy; tho;f;ifg; ghijapid ehk; ntw;wpg;
ghijahf mikj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gJ ,jd; %yk; GydhfpwJ.
5.4 ehfhpfk;
ehfhpfj;jpw;Fk;>
gz;ghl;bw;Fk; gyUf;Fk; nghUs; Ghptjpy;iy. tho;;tpy; ,uz;ilAk; Nghl;Lf; Fog;gpf;
nfhs;tJ ed;ik gaf;fhJ. cs;sj;jpd;
nrk;ik – cah;T
gz;ghL vdj; jFk;. cs;sj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghd czT> cil> ciwAs; Mfpatw;wpd;
nrk;ik ehfhpfk; MFk;. gz;ghL vd;gJ gof;ftof;fq;fNshL neUq;fpa njhlh;Gila xU
tho;f;if Kiw. ehfhpfk; vd;gJ jpUe;jpa tho;f;if. vy;yhg; nghUisAk; jdf;Nf
gad;gLj;JtJ. gz;ghL vd;gJ jpUe;jpa
xOf;fk;. mJ vy;yhg; nghUl;fisAk; jkf;Fk;> gpwUf;Fk; gad;gLj;JtJ.
~gz;ngdg;gLtJ ghlwpe;njhOFjy;~ vd;gJ fypj;njhif. xUthpd;
cs;sk; NfhzhkYk;> ,lk;> nghUs;> Vty;> mwpe;J elg;gJNk
ghlwpe;njhOfy; MFk;.
rq;ffhyj;jpy; ehfhpfk; vd;w nrhy; ew;gz;gpidf; Fwpj;jJ. ew;wpizapy;
tUk;>
“Ke;ij apypUe;J el;Nlhh; nfhLg;gpd;
eQ;Rk; cz;gh; edpeh fhpfh;”
(ew;; 355:6.7)
vd;w ghlypy; ehfhpfk; vd;w nrhy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,Nj
fUj;ij> ts;StUk;>
“ngaf;fz;Lk; eQ;Rz; likth; eaj;jf;f
ehfhpfk; Ntz;L gth;”
(Fws;-580) vd;w Fwspy; tpsf;fpAs;shh;.
ehl;L
tpLjiyf;fhff; fy;fp rpiw nrd;whYk;> ekJ ehl;bid mbikg;gLj;jpa md;dpau;fspd;
ey;y Fzq;fisg; ghuhl;lj; jtwtpy;iy.nfhs;sNtz;batw;iwf;nfhs;SjYk;>
js;sNtz;batw;iwj; js;SjYk; tho Ntz;ba fhyj;jpy; flikahfpwJ vd;gij>
“nts;isf;fhuh;fisg; gw;wp mth;fs; mg;gb ,g;gb vd;W Xahky;
J}\pj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; vd;d gpuNahrdk;? mth;fsplkpUe;J ehk; fw;Wf; nfhs;s
Ntz;baJ vt;tsNth ,Uf;fpwJ. Kf;fpakhf> xUtUf;nfhUth; khpahijahf vg;gb ele;J
nfhs;tJ vd;gij nts;isf;fhuh;fsplkpUe;J ehk; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;”;[xv]
vd czu;j;jpAs;shu;.
ngz;fs; jdJ fztd; kPJ nfhz;l gw;wpd; fhuzkhf
Raeyj;Jld; jdJ fztd; tPl;lhUld; xl;lhky; ,Ug;gJ cyf ,aw;if.gz;ghl;bw;F Kuzhd ,e;ehfupfepiy
fy;fp fhyj;jpNyAk; fhhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;epiy khwNtz;Lk; vd;w fUj;Jld; fy;fp>
“cd; fztd;
gl;lhgpuhkd; cd;idr; rpdpkhTf;F mioj;Jg; NghfhjjpdhNyNa mtDf;F cd; ngahpy;
mgpkhdk; ,y;iy vd;W epidj;J tplhNj! ,J gl;bf;fhl;Lg; ngz;fs; NgRfpw Ngr;R.
GU\h;fSf;F vj;jidNah nrsfhpa> mnrsfhpaq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. mijnay;yhk; ftdpj;J
ehk; jhd; ey;y khjphp ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ek;Kila GU\d; NtnwhU ngz;zplk; Ngrp
tpl;lhy; mjdhy; Fb KOfpg; Ngha;tpl;lJ vd ehk; epidj;Jf; nfhs;sf; $lhJ@ ehfhpfNk
njhpahj gbg;gw;w ];jPhpfs; jhd; mg;gbnay;yhk; re;Njfg;gLthh;fs;. cd; khkpahiug;
gw;wp eP vOjpapUg;gijAk; ehd; KOJk; xg;Gf; nfhz;L tpl KbahJ. vy;yhk; ehk; ele;J
nfhs;tijg; nghWj;jJ. gpwe;jfj;ij tpl;L Gf;ffj;Jf;Fg; Nghdhy; mg;Gwk; gpwe;jfj;jpy;
ghrNk ,Uf;ff;$lhJ”[xvi] ntspf;fhl;bAs;shu;.
rPjhtpd;
,k;kNdhepiy Fwpj;j ehfupf ntspg;ghL fy;fpapd; Mzhjpf;f md;iwa r%fj;jpd;
kdepiyiaf; fhl;LfpwJ.
5.4.1 Mil myq;fhuk;
gz;ghLk;> ehfhpfKk; epiwe;j tho;tpw;Fj; Njit epiwthd Mil myq;fhuk;.
rq;f fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kfsph; xg;gid
czh;Tk;> chpikAk; ngw;W tho;;e;jdh;. kfspUf;Fhpa mzpfyd;fSk; kpFe;J
fhzg;gl;ld.; kjpg;G khpahij
vd;gJ rPuhd Milfspy; ,y;iy. Nghypahd ehfhpfj;jpdhy; Nkyhilfis khw;wyhNk jtpu
mwptpy; ve;jg; nghpa khw;wj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;j KbahJ. ,jidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L fy;fpapd;
,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfspy; xg;gidj;jpwDk; Mil mzpfyd;fSk; Fwpj;jr; nra;jpfs; mjpfkhf
,lk; ngwtpy;iy vdf; fUJtjw;F ,lKz;L.ngz;
ghh;f;Fk; glyj;jpy; jiyayq;fhuk; nra;J nfhz;l epfo;T
·
“rhg;gpl;l clNd cdf;Fj; jiythhpg; gpd;dNtz;Lk; vd;W khkp nrhy;ypf;
nfhz;bUe;jhs;. jhok;g+ itj;Jg; gpd;Dtjw;F xU kzp NeukhtJ MFky;yth?[xvii]
vd;W
,lk; ngw;Ws;sijf; fhz ,aYfpwJ.
- jpahfg+kp rk;G rh];jphp jdJ kfSf;Fr; nra;tpj;j tisay;
- rhtpj;jphp ckhuhzpahf khwpa cilayq;fhuk;
- fs;tdpd; fhjypapy; eif gw;wpa mgpuhkpapd; Ngr;R
- miyXirapy; jhhpzp> rPjhtpd; Kfk; kw;Wk; myq;fhuk;.
- mkujhuhtpy; RNyhrdh> ,e;Jkjpapd; myq;fhuk;.
,it Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; kl;LNk fy;fpapd;
ehty;fspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,jd; %yk;
fy;fp jhd; fhz tpUk;gpa ngz;fs; rKjhaj;ijf; fhe;jpar; rpe;jidfs; epiwe;j Gjpa
cyfj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sJ GydhfpwJ.
fy;fp jpiug;glk;
thapyhf vspjpy; ngz; Kd;Ndw;wk; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; kf;fis vspjpy; nrd;wilAk; vd;w
ce;Jjypy; mkujhuhtpy; ,e;Jkjpiaj; jpiug;gl ebifahfg; gilj;Js;shh;. Mdhy;> gz;ghl;Lf;Ff;
FiwT Vw;glhjthW mth; ngz;fisg; gilj;Js;sJ mth; gz;ghl;bd; kPJ itj;Js;s
ek;gpf;ifapidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
5.4.2 Mlk;gu
Ntl;if
Mlk;gukhf
tho;e;jhy; kl;LNk cyfk; ek;ik kjpf;Fk; vdTk;> Mlk;guk; ,y;iyahdhy;>
jq;fSf;F cyfj;jpy; kjpg;G ,y;iy vd;W vz;Zk;
jho;T kdg;ghd;ik ngz;fs; gyhplk; ,ay;ghf cs;sJ. Mlk;gu vz;zk;>
gzj;jhir> %lek;gpf;if Nghd;wtw;why; kd NtWghL kpFe;Js;sJ.
·
miyXir - rPjh - Mlk;gu vz;zk;
·
jpahfg+kp- kq;fsk;> =judpd; jhahh; - gzj;jhir
·
mkujhuh-RNyhrdhtpd; jha; - gzj;jhir
,tw;wpdhy; jPa
vz;zq;fs; epiwe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,jdhy;
FLk;gj;jpy; rz;il kpFe;jpUg;gijf; fy;fp fhl;bAs;shh;. ngz;fs; ,d;dKk; jpUj;jpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;batw;iwf; fy;fp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ rpwg;ghdJ.
gz;ghl;L
khw;wq;fs; tho;f;if kuGfspd; Ntiu mhpf;fhkYk;> mWf;fhkYk; fhf;f Ntz;baJ
,d;wpaikahjJ. kuG vd;w nrhy;Yf;F jkpo; nyf;rpfd; Kiwik> rhd;Nwhh; nrhy;>
tof;F Kiw> goik> tkprk;> ghuk;gh;ak;> ,ay;G ,yf;fzk;> ey;nyhOf;fk;>
ngUik> Nkk;ghL> epahak;> topghL> gUtk; vd;w gjpd;%d;W nghUisj;
jUfpd;wJ. xU nraNyh> nrhy;Nyh> epfo;r;rpNah> KiwNah> ehfhpfg;gz;ghNlh>
goq;fhyk; Kjy; njhd;W njhl;Lg; gz;;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jhy; mJ kughfpd;wd.[xviii] fs;tdpd;
fhjypapy; ehfhpf tho;f;ifapd; fhuzkhf Mlk;gukhff; fy;ahzg; ngz;zpw;F Nkhl;lhh; tz;b
itj;j nra;jp> mgpuhkpahy; fhl;lg; ngw;Ws;sJ.[xix] ,j;jifa gof;ftof;fk; Mlk;gukhdJ vd mf;fhyj;jpy;
Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gltpy;iy.
5.5 mwepiy
mw topapy; nray;gl;Lj; Njitahd nghUis <l;bj; jhDk; Efh;e;J
kw;wtUf;Fk; gfph;e;J nfhLj;J ,d;gk; fhz;gjd; %yk; tho;f;if epiwT ngWtJ gz;ghl;L
,yl;rpak;.,j;jifa epiyapy; ngz;fs; tho Ntz;baJ mtrpak; vd;gijf; fy;fp
jpahfg+kpapy;>
“M];gj;jphpapd;
ngaUk; jd;Dila ngauhapUe;jgbahy; ,jpy; gfthDila Mf;iQ ,Ug;gjhf epidj;J>
jd;Dila nrhj;jpy; ghjpia me;j M];gj;jphpf;F ed;nfhilahff; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk;> ghf;fpia ehd; itj;Jf; fhg;ghw;wp vd; Foe;ijf;Ff; nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; nrhd;dhs;. mjd;gbNa jhd; Ie;J yl;r &gha; kPdhl;rp M];gj;jphpf;Ff;
nfhLj;Njd;> mg;gh!”[xx]
vdf; fhl;bAs;shu;.
5.6 jd;dk;gpf;if
jd;dk;gpf;if
,y;yhjtd; tho;f;if ePUw;W ,y;yhj twz;l epyk; Nghd;wJ. jd;dk;gpf;ifAld;
nray;gLk; NghJ kdpjd; kfpo;it va;Jfpwhd;. ‘jd;dk;gpf;ifNa
ntw;wpapd; Kjy;gb’ vd;gij czh;jy; Ntz;Lk;. jd;dk;gpf;if
ntw;wpf;F Ntz;ba gf;fgyk;> kdj; jpd;ikiaf; nfhLf;fpwJ. vz;zj;jpy; cWjpAk;>
mJ filrp tiu ePbf;Fk; rf;jpAk; nfhz;l ngz;fshff; fy;fp jdJ ehty;fis
cUthf;fpAs;shh;. mkujhuhtpy; ngw;Nwhhpd; guhkhpg;gpy; md;ghf
tsh;f;fg;gl;l ,e;Jkjp tho;f;ifr;Roypy; rpf;fpg; gy;NtW Jd;gq;fis mDgtpj;Jk;
,Wjpapy; jhd; tpUg;gg;gl;l fhjyidf; ifg;gpbj;jhs;. fztid ,oe;j fy;ahzp jdJ
nrhj;Jf;fisj; jhNd ftdpf;Fk; ijhpaKk;> uhftd;-rPjh Foe;ijiaf; fhg;ghw;wpa
jhhpzpapd; jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; $ba ijhpaKk;> nre;jpUtpd; Kd;[hf;fpuijAzh;Tk;
Nghd;wit jd;dk;gpf;if ,Ue;jhy; kl;LNk ntw;wp ngw KbAk; vd;gijj; njspthf;FfpwJ.
fy;fpapd; ehty;fs; jd;dk;gpf;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;> rKjha eyidAk;
fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fy;fpapd;
mkujhuhtpy; Mrphpag; gzpapidj; Njbg; ngw;w ,e;Jkjp> ‘vz;zpa vz;zpahq;F
va;Jg vz;zpahh;
jpz;zpa uhfg; ngwpd;’ (Fws;.666;)
vd;w Fwspd;
fUj;jpw;Nfw;gj; jd;dk;gpf;if typik ngw;W ntw;wp ngWgtuhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;.
·
tho;f;ifapy;
Njhy;tpAw;w ngz; mijNa vz;zpj; jd; tho;f;ifia mopj;Jf; nfhs;shky; jd; tho;it mh;j;jKs;sjhf
mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
·
Rw;wj;jhuhYk;>
gpwuhYk; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;l ngz; jd; tho;f;ifg; ghijia ntw;wpg; ghijahf
khw;wpaikf;f KbAk;. ,jw;Fg; ngz;fSf;Fj; jd;dk;gpf;if Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; fy;fpapd;
ehty;fs; njspthf;Ffpd;wd.
5.7 ,iw gf;jp
kdpjd; jhd; tho;fpd;w fhyj;jpy; jdJ
epiyia czh;e;J gz;ghl;Lld;> cah;e;j Fwpf;NfhSld; tho;jy; mtrpak;. mjw;F
mwnewpAk;> flTs; topghLk; Njit. rKjhak; mwptpay; Jiwapy; cah;e;j
Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;j NghjpYk; ,d;Wtiu kdpj tho;tpd; mbg;gil cz;ikfisj; njspthf
czutpy;iy.
kdpj tho;tpy; cah;
newpfisg; Nghjpg;gJ ,iwnewp. ts;syhh;> jhAkhdth;> guk`k;rh;>
tpNtfhde;jh; Nghd;Nwhh; jdpj;J epd;W
,iwj; njhz;lhw;wpbDk; cyf caph;fs; ahTk; ey;tho;T ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w
ey;nyz;zj;NjhL topghL nra;jdh;. kf;fs; Jd;gr; RoypYk;> gpwtpg;gpzpapYk;
rpf;fp mfg;gl;Lf; nfhz;L> mjpypUe;J kPs Kbahky; jtpf;fpd;w NghJ mth;fSf;F
ey;topiaf; fhz;gpf;f ty;yJ gf;jpahFk;.
,j;jifa ,iwAzh;T
kf;fSf;Fj; Njit.
5.7.1 topghL
topghl;by; nghJthd rkj;Jt topghNl ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
jpUtpohf;fs; vd;w
ngahpy; $l;l nehprypy; tpiy kjpf;f Kbahj kdpj caph;fs; moptijg; nghJ ,lq;fspy;
fhzKbfpwJ. $l;lehl;fspy; topghL nra;Ak; NghJ Foe;ij fhzhky; Nghdjhy; Vw;gLk; Jauepiy
kFlgjpapy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. flTs; topghL mtuth;fSf;Fhpa Xa;Tehspy; nra;ayhk;.
fztidg; gphpe;J thOk; #o;epiyapidg; ngz;fs;
tpUk;Gtjpy;iy vd;gij>
“ehd; mtiug; gphpe;J ,j;jid ehs; gl;l
Jd;gk; NghJk;. ,d;W vd;idg; guhrf;jp jd; ghjhutpe;jq;fspy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
ehs; neUq;fp te;J tpl;ljhf vz;ZfpNwd;.”[xxii]
vdf;; fy;fp gjpT
nra;Js;shh;. jdJ kfisj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;L tho;gtd; filrp tiu if tplhky;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdj; jha; jdf;F tug;NghFk; kUkfdplk; Nfl;Fk; khWgl;l epiyapidf; fy;fp
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.[xxiii]
5.7.1.1 fy;tp epiy
kdpjd; ngw Ntz;ba
gjpdhW tif nry;tq;fSs; Kjd;ikahdJ fy;tpr; nry;tk;.Mz;ltd; gilg;gpy; mupaJ xd;W
cz;nld;why;> ~mJ ngz;~ vd;ghu; fhe;jp.
“ngz;Zf;F Qhdj;ij
itj;jhd;-Gtp
Ngzp tsu;j;jpLk;
<rd;
kz;Zf;Fs;Ns rpy
%lu;- ey;y
khju; mwpitf;
nfLj;jhu;.” (ghujpahu; ftpijfs;>g.181)
vd;w fUj;Jg;gb
,iwtd; nfhLj;j fy;tpiaf; fhyj;jpd; fl;lhaj;jpdhy; ngz;Zf;F mspf;fg;gl kWj;j
epiy fhzg;gl;l epiyapYk; fy;fp>
Foe;ij nre;jpU
mg;glj;jpd; Kd;dhy; ek];fhuk; nra;J “];thkp! godp Mz;ltNd! ghpl;irapy; vdf;F ey;y khh;f; tuNtZk;;;@ Kjyhtjhf
ehd; NjwNtz;Lk;”
vd;W Ntz;bf; nfhs;ths;[xxiv]
vdg; ngz; fy;tp fw;w epiyapidAk;>,iwtdplk; Ntz;bf; nfhz;l epiyapidAk;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
5.7.1.2 Jauepiy
jdJ fztd; jPghtspf;F tUk; ,d;gkhd Ntisapy; tUk;
gpur;rpidapidr; rkhspf;Fk; kd ijupakpy;yhj #o;epiyapy; ,iwtid Ntz;Lk; epiyapy;
rhtpj;jpup>“];thkp>
gfthNd! jPghtspf;F ,th; tug; Nghw rkaj;jpNy jhdh> ,e;jr; rq;flnky;yhk;
tuNtZk;?”[xxv] vd
Ntz;Ltjhff; fy;fp gilj;Js;shu;. jdf;F
tUk; ,d;gkhd epiy fpilf;fhky; Ngha;tpLk; vd;w ruhrup kdk; nfhz;l Ngijg;
ngz;zpd;
epiyapidf; fy;fp fhl;bAs;s tpjk; ajhu;j;jkhdjhff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
gs;spapy; ngw;Nwhu; ,y;iy vdpy; ,g;gbj;jhd; ,Uf;Fk; vdr;
nrhd;djhy; Foe;ijapd; kdk; ,iwtdplk; nrd;W NgRtijf; fy;fp>
·
“mk;gpNf! guhrf;jp! eP epidr;rhy; KbahjJ xz;Zkpy;iyd;D jhj;jh
nrhd;dhNs! vdf;F Xh; mk;kh nfhLf;ff; $lhjh> ey;y mk;khth?”[xxvi]fhl;Lfpwhu; .
·
Foe;ij vijAk;
NghJnkd;w kdJld; ,Ug;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy;iy. Foe;ijapd;
Ntz;LjYf;fpzq;fpf; flTs; ngw;Nwhiuf; fhl;baJ Nghy; fijapid mikj;j fy;fp>
“mk;gpNf! guhrf;jp! vdf;F mk;kh NtZk;D Nfl;Nld;. mk;kh>
mg;gh ,uz;L NgiuAk; nfhLj;Nj! Mdh> mth xUj;jUf;nfhUj;jh; rz;il Nghl;Lf;fwJ
vdf;Fg; gpbf;fNtapy;iy. nuhk;gf; f\;lkhapUf;F. vq;f mg;ghTk; mk;khTk; rz;il
Nghl;;Lf;fhk xj;JikahapUf;Fk;gb fpUig nra;ag;glhjh?”[xxvii] vd;W Nfl;gJ Nghy; mikj;Js;shu;.kdpj kdk; jdf;F Ntz;Lk;
ey;ydtw;iw kl;Lk; ,iwtdplk; Nfl;Lg;ngw Ntz;bf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;w epiy fhzg;gl;lij
mwpa ,aYfpwJ. ,iwtopghL gad; fUjhJ ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;> jdf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw ,iwtd;
jhkhfNt mspg;ghu; vd;w kdg;gf;Fkile;j epiyapy; fij mikf;fg;gltpy;iy.
jPik nra;jhy; flTs; mtu;fisj; Jd;gkilar; nra;Ak; mstpw;Fj;
Jauq;fisj; jUthu; vd;w Nehf;Fld;>
“flTs; jhd; mtiuj; jz;bj;J tpl;lhNu> gq;f[k;! ,dp Nky;
rhfpw tiuapy; mth; gLj;j gLf;ifaha;j; jhd; fplf;f Ntz;Lkhk;. if> fhy;
RthjPdNk ,uhjhk;. gLf;ifapy; vOe;J cl;fhu Ntz;Lkhdhy; ,uz;L Ngh; gpbj;Jj;
J}f;fp tpl Ntz;Lkhk;”[xxviii]fy;fp mikj;Js;shu;. ,J jtW
nra;ahkypUf;Fk; nghUl;L kf;fis ey;topg;gLj;jpr;nry;Yk; Kiw vdf; fUjyhk;.
ey;ytu;fs; rpy Neuq;fspy; Jd;gg;gLtJ tho;f;ifapy; eilngWk;
epfo;r;rpahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.,ij tpjp vd;W nrhy;thUKz;L. rhjfj;jpd; mikg;G vdf; $WthUKz;L.;Mdhy;
fy;fp>
“flTs; vd;W nrhy;yhNj! flTs; ,y;iy vd;W ehd; rj;jpak;
nra;Ntd;. cd;id ,e;jf; Nfhyj;jpy; ghh;j;j gpwF flTsplk; vg;gb ek;gpf;if
cz;lhFk;?”;[xxix]$wpAs;stpjk;
ghj;jpug;gilg;gpd; jd;ikNahL ,iae;J mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhff; fUJtjw;F ,lKz;L.
jtW nra;J tpl;Lg; gpd; tUe;Jk; epiyapid“mts; ,Ue;j NghJ jd; tPL vt;tsT fyfyg;ghf ,Ue;jJ? tho;f;ifNa
xU GJ nkUF ngw;W Mde;j Nfhyhfykhf khwpapUe;jNj! mg;gbg;gl;ltis mehtrpakhfr;
re;Njfpj;J tPz;gop nrhy;yp xU uhj;jphpapy; tPl;iltpl;L XLk;gbr; nra;NjNd?
me;jg; ghtj;Jf;fhff; flTs; vd;id vd;d khjphp jz;bg;ghNuh njhpatpy;iyNa?”[xxx] vd;gijf; fhz ,aYfpwJ.
,iwtd; jdf;FkpQ;rpaepiyapidf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpj; jdf;Fk;> jd;idr;rhu;e;jtu;fSf;Fk;
ed;ik nra;aNtz;Lk;>jtW nra;jhy; ,iwtdhy; jz;bf;fg;gLthu;fs; vd;w fUj;JfSld;
fy;fp jkJ ehty;fis mikj;Js;sJ GydhfpwJ.
5.7.1.3 kfpo;r;rp epiy
gad;ghL fUjhj cz;ikahd Ntz;Ljy; epiwNtWk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy;
fy;fp>
·
“jdf;Fg; GU\dhf tha;j;jth; rhjhuz kD\h; my;y> jd;Dila
jfg;gdhh; g+i[ nra;Ak; ];thkp jhd; jd;idr; rpW jhahhpd; nfhLikapypUe;J
kPl;gjw;fhf ,g;gb kD\ &gj;jpy; te;jpUf;fpwhh;”
[xxxi]
vd;Wk;>
·
“flTisf; Fiw nrhy;yhNj> ghl;lh! flTs; jhd; ,e;j ,f;fl;lhd
Ntisapy; ,tiu ,q;Nf mDg;gpapUf;fpwhh;”;[xxxii]
vd;Wk; fijapid mikj;Js;s Nghf;F tpag;Gf;FupaJ.;
5.8 rka xw;Wik
‘gz;ghL’ = gz;G + mLjy;>
mLjy; vd;why; rikj;jy; my;yJ ‘gf;Ftg;gLj;jy;’ gz;igg; gf;Ftg;gLj;JtJ gz;ghlhFk;.
kdpjidg;
gz;ghLilatdhf Mf;FtJ rkanewp. “xd;Nw FyKk;;@ xUtNd NjtDk;” vd;gNj rka xw;Wik. ehk; ve;jf; flTis topgLfpNwhNkh>
me;jf; flTNs midtiuAk; fhj;J tUgth; vd;w cz;ikia czh;tNj rka xw;Wik.
fy;fp gy;NtW rkaf;
fUj;Jfis mtuJ ehty;fspy; ifahz;bUg;gij
·
“vd;Dila rhitg; gw;wpAk; vdf;Ff; ftiyapy;iy@ kw;wth;fSila
rhitg; gw;wpAk; ehd; ftiyg;glNghtjpy;iy. gftj; fPij vd;d nrhy;fpwJ?
clk;igj;jhd; nfhy;yyhNk jtpu Mj;khitf; nfhy;y KbahJ. vg;Ngh;g;gl;l
t[;uhAjj;jpdhYk; KbahJ.”[xxxiii]
·
RrPyh Br;rh; fpwp];Jt kjj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;. `pe;Jf;fspNy
ngz;fspd; rk;kjj;ijf; Nfl;fhky; fypahzk; nra;J nfhLj;J tpLk; tof;fj;ij mth;
mbf;fb fz;ldk; nra;thh;.[xxxiv]
·
‘tyJ fd;dj;jpy; mbj;jth;fSf;F ,lJ fd;dj;ijAk; fhl;L’ vd;w fpwp];J kfhdpd; cgNjrj;ijr; nrhy;yp> ekf;Ff; NfL
epidg;gth;fSf;Fk; ey;yJ epidf;f Ntz;Lk;.[xxxv]
Nghd;w fjhghj;jpuq;fs; thapyhf ntspapl;bUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. rka
czh;itg; Nghjpf;Fk; nghpath; ngz; rq;flj;;jpy; ,Ue;jhYk; fhg;ghw;w ,ayhj
#o;epiy r%fj;jpy; epytp tUtijf; fy;fp> [xxxvi] vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
5.9 gof;f tof;fq;fs;
gof;f tof;fk; - rh];jpuk;
Fwpj;J kf;fs; jq;fs; trjpf;Nfw;wthW mikj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
·
“ehf;g+h;NyUe;J nry;yj;ij NtNw ,q;Nf gpurtj;Jf;F mDg;gg; Nghwhshk;!
,uz;L gps;isj;jhr;rpfis itr;rpz;L
ehd; vd;d gz;wJ? rh];jpuj;Jf;Fk; tpNuhjk;.[xxxvii]
vd rh];jpuj;ijf; fhuzk; fhl;ba ,r;nray;; kUkfs; vd;w epiyapy;
ngz;izf; nfhLikg;gLj;jpa gz;ghl;bw;F Kuzhd epiy fy;fp fhyj;jpy; epytp te;Js;sJ
GydhfpwJ.
Foe;ij eyKld; gpwg;gjw;fhf ngz;zpw;Fr; nra;Ak; rlq;F
tisfhg;Gk;> rPke;jKk; MFk;. Mdhy; gz;ghl;bid khw;Wk; tifapy;
·
“GU\Dila md;Gk; MjuTk; Kf;fpakh? tisfhg;Gk;> rPke;jKk; Kf;fpakh?
rh];jpuk; vd;ghh;fs;. rh];jpukhtJ> kz;zhq;fl;bahtJ? nts;isf;fhuh;fSk;>
fpwp];Jth;fSk; rPke;jkh gz;zpf; nfhs;fpwhh;fs;? mth;fSila Foe;ijfs; ed;whapy;iyah?”[xxxviii]
vd;W Nfl;Fk; epiy mf;fhyj;jpy;
,Ue;J te;Js;sJ njhpatUfpwJ. rh];jpuj;ij ek;Ggth;fSk;> ek;ghky; ,Ug;gth;fSk;
tho;e;J te;Js;sdh; vd;gJ ,t; Ma;tpd; %yk; GydhfpwJ.
ngw;Nwhhpd; flik kfisj; jpUkzk; nra;J itg;gJld; epiwtile;J
tpLtjpy;iy. Foe;ijg;NgW epiyapy; ngz;izf; fhf;f Ntz;baJ gpwe;jfj;jpd;
flikahfpwJ, ,J
Cuhh; Ngr;Rf;Fk; ,lkhfpwJ vd;gij>
·
“eP Rk;kh ,Ulh! vd;dNkh> me;j J\;ilfSf;Fg; ghpQ;R NgrwJf;F
te;Jl;Nl? cdf;nfd;d njhpAk;> Ch; rkhrhuk;? ,e;j rhJg; ngz;iz me;j uhl;r]p
gLj;jp tr;rJ Cnuy;yhk; rphpg;gha;r; rphpj;jJ! ghtk;! ,tUf;Fg; nghwe;jfKk;
tifapy;iy Nghy; ,Uf;F. mth jhd; te;J jiyr;rk; gps;isj;jhr;rpiag; ghj;Jl;L
mior;Rz;L Nghf Ntz;lhNkh?”;[xxxix]
vd;W Fwpg;gjd; %yk; ngz;Zf;Fg; gpwe;jtPl;bd; cjtp
Njitg;gLtijf; fhl;LfpwJ. jhaw;w epiyapy; ngz; gLk; mtjpapidf; fy;fp
fhl;bAs;shh;.
5.9.1 rFdk;
epkpj;jk; vd;gJ tho;tpy; gpd; epfotpUf;Fk; ed;ik jPikfisr;
rpy FwpaPLfspd; thapyhf Kd;Dzh;j;JtjhFk;. ,jid ,d;W rFdk; vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;Nwhk;.rFdk; Fwpj;j gy;NtW fUj;Jfs; fy;fpapd; ehty;fspy;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
·
,e;jr; rdpad;
gpbj;j g+q;Fsj;ij tpl;L ehk; ehisf;Nf fpsk;gpg; Ngha;tplyhk;. ,q;Nf jpUk;gpNa
tu Ntz;lhk;@ ,e;j Ch; Kfj;jpNyNa tpopf;f Ntz;lhk;!” vd;whd; Kj;ijad;. ‘Lf; Lf; Lf;~ vd;W mg;NghJ RthpypUe;J gy;yp rg;jpj;jJ.;
“gy;yp nrhy;fpwJ mz;zh! ey;y rFdk;”[xl] vd;W Fwpg;gjpypUe;J gy;yp ,ay;ghf; ,Ug;gij kdpjd; rFdk; vd
vLj;Jf; nfhz;L tho;tijf; fhz ,aYfpwJ.
·
jhyp fl;ba
mLj;j epkp\j;jpy;> ];jphPfs; Nfh\;bapypUe;j> “INah! fy;ahzpf;F vd;d!” vd;W xU Fuy; vOe;jJ. mg;gbr; nrhd;d ];jphPapd; thia
,d;ndhUj;jp nghj;jp “mrNl! mgrFdk; Nghy; vd;d nrhy;fpwha;?”[xli]
kdpj rKjhaj;jpy;
nghJ ,lq;fspy; Ngrj; jFe;jit> Ngrj;jfhjit vdr; rpy nrhw;fisf; Fwpg;gJz;L.,e;ehtypy;
INah! vd;w nrhy; mgrFdkhff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;Tyfpy; ,aw;ifapd;
mw;Gjg;gilg;ghd g+f;fSf;Fj; jdp ,lk; cz;L. ,iwtd; fUtiw Kjy; kdpjd; fy;yiw tiu
myq;fupf;ff;$ba ,g;g+f;fs; RgrFdkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
g+ tpOjy; vd;gJ xU Kf;fpakhd ek;gpf;ifahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.(fh.nfd;db>jkpo;ehty;fspy;
gz;ghL>Nrfu; gjpg;gfk;> nrd;id-8>K.gjpg;G 2009>g.58)miyXirapy;
jpUkzk; njhlu;ghfg; Ngrpf; nfhz;bUe;jNghJ> “=uhkr;re;jpu %h;j;jpapd; mUs; ,Ue;jhy; mt;tpjNk ele;J
tpLfpwJ. ,th; vd;idf; $g;gpl;l rkak; ehd; g+i[ miwapy;;; glq;fSf;F myq;fhuk;
nra;J nfhz;bUe;Njd;. ,th; ‘fhkhl;rp’ vd;W vd;idf; $g;gpl;lNghJ =uhk gl;lhgpN\fg; glj;Jf;Fr;
rhj;jpapUe;j g+khiyapNyapUe;J xU nrz;gfg;g+ cjph;e;jJ ey;y rFdk; vd;W epidj;Jf;
nfhz;Nld;”[xlii]vd;W $WtjpypUe;J rFdk; ghu;j;Jr; nra;Ak; tof;fq;fs; ,Ue;J
te;jij mwpa ,aYfpwJ.
fhf;if gwit
,dq;fspNyNa mwpTkpf;f gwitahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; xypapidr; rFdkhff; nfhs;Sk;
tof;fk; rq;ffhyk; njhl;L ,d;W tiu jkpo; kf;fspilNa epd;W epyTfpwJ.
jpahfg+kpapy; fhf;if fiutjid tpUe;jpdh; tUifapidmwptpf;Fk; nra;jpahff;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhf;if fiutjid
ed;dpkpj;;jkha;f; nfhs;tjid ,e;jpahtpd; gy gFjpfspYk;> kw;Wk; mjidj; jP
epkpj;jf; fhuzpahff; fUJtjid Nkiyehl;lhUk;
Fwpj;Jr;nry;th;.
ey;y fhupaj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ rFdk; ghu;j;Jr; nry;tijf;
fy;fp> “fpsk;Gk;
NghJ rFdk; rhpahf Mftpy;iy!” vd;fpwhh;fs; rpyh;. “,e;jg; ngz; jhd; cr;rp NtisapNy nfhs;splf;fiu murkuj;jbapNy Ngha;
epw;FNk! ve;jg; NgNah> gprhNrh> vd;d fz;whtpNah?”[xliii]Fwpg;gpLtjd;%yk; Nga;>gprhR Fwpj;j ek;gpf;iffSk;
mf;fhyj;ija gof;fq;fSs; xd;whf ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ njupatUfpwJ.
g+id tPl;L tsh;g;Gtpyq;fhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; g+idapid
tPl;by; tsh;j;jhy; clYf;F xt;thik Vw;gLtJz;L. g+id FWf;Nf tUk;NghJ mjidr; rFdj;
jil vdf; Fwpg;gpLth;. ,g;gof;fj;ij “ePjhd; Rj;j eph;%lk;! ,y;yhtpl;lhy; g+idf;Fl;bia kbapNyNa fl;bf; nfhz;L
rFdk; ghh;g;ghah?”[xliv]; vdf; $wpAs;sjd; %yk;
rKjhaj;jpy; rFdk; ghh;f;Fk; gof;fk; epiwe;Js;sijf; fhz ,aYfpwJ.
5.9.2 ek;gpf;if
,iwtdplk; nfhz;l ek;gpf;ifapdhYk;>fz;NzW
fopj;jy;>gupfhuq;fs; nra;jy; Nghd;w nray;ghLfs; rKjhaj;jpy; epytp tUfpd;wd.Foe;ijfs;
gae;jhy; Nfhtpy;fspy; nrd;W ke;jpupg;gJk;> jhaj;J fl;bf;nfhs;tJk;
rKjhaj;jpy; epytp tUk; gof;fkhFk;.,e;epiapNyNa fy;fp>
·
Nkhl;lhh;
tpgj;jpy; ehDk;> fd;Wf;Fl;bAk; rpf;fpf; nfhz;l rkaj;jpy; ehd;
gPjpaile;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mk;kh epidj;jhs;. mjw;fhfr; rpy ghpfhuq;fisr;
nra;jhh;. new;wpapy; ke;jphpj;j jpUePW ,l;lhs;. nfhQ;rk; kpsF vLj;J vd;
jiyiar;Rw;wp vhpfpw mLg;gpNy nfhz;L Nghl;lhs;. mg;NghJ cz;lhd fhug;GifahdJ cd;
kdjpypUe;j gPjpianay;yhk; tpul;b mbj;J tpLk; vd;gJ mtSila vz;zk; NghYk;[xlv]vdf;
fhl;bAs;shu;.
ngz; gae;j epiyapy; ,iwtDf;F khtpsf;F Vw;wp
topgl;lepiy ,Ue;jjidf; fhz ,aYfpwJ.[xlvi],jd;%yk;;gupfhuq;fs;
eilngw;w Kiwapid mwpa ,aYfpwJ.
5.9.2 rhjfk;
rhjfk; ghu;j;Jj; jpUkzk; nra;Ak; gof;fk; jkpo;g;gz;ghl;by;
gutpapUe;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; tho;e;j fy;fp> rhjfk; ghu;f;Fk; Kiw Fwpj;J>
·
“#h;ah! vd; gps;isAk; ehl;Lg; ngz;Zk; md;Nahd;akhapy;iy vd;W
jhNd nrhy;fpwha;? mJ th];jte;jhd;. nghpath;fs; nrhy;Yfpwijf; Nfl;fhky; jhd;
Njhd;wpj;jdkhff; fhhpak; nra;jjpdhy; te;j tpid
,J. fypahzk; ep;r;rak; nra;tJ vd;why;> [hjfk; ghh;j;Jr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;
vd;W vjw;fhfg; nghpath;fs; Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhh;fs;? ,e;j khjphpnay;yhk;
Vlh$lkhf Mff; $lhJ vd;W jhd; ehd; mg;NghNj mbj;Jf; nfhz;Nld;;@ ‘vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; [hjfk; thq;fpg; ghh;j;J tplyhk;’ vd;W ehd; nrhd;dij ahUk; fhjpy; Nghl;Lf; nfhs;stpy;iy”[xlvii]vdf; $wpAs;stpjk; fijapd; tpWtpWg;G fUjp
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.mf;fhyj;ija gof;fj;jpd;gb
“rPjhtpd; [hjfk; vq;NfahtJ fpilf;Fkh vd;W ghh;j;J thq;fp
mDg;G. mtSila [hjfj;jpy; xUNtis VjhtJ Njh\k; ,Ue;jhy; mjw;F Ntz;ba rhe;jpiag;
gz;zr; nrhy;yyhk;!”[xlviii] cd;W Fwpg;gpLtjpypUe;J rhjfk; ghu;f;Fk;tof;fk; mjpfkhf
,Ue;Js;sJ vdf; fUJtjw;F ,lKz;L.
5.10 gz;ghl;Lr;
rpijT
ey;y rKjhaj;jpw;F
mbg;gil rpwe;j FLk;gq;fNs. mf;FLk;gq;fspd; mikg;ghdJ> gz;ghl;Lr;
rpijTfs;> fUj;J Ntw;Wikfs;> ehfhpfj;jpd; mghpkpjkhd tsHr;rp Nghd;wtw;why;
rpijTw;Ws;sd. mwptpay;
fz;Lgpbg;Gfisf;; fz;L ,d;GWk; Ntisapy; kdpjg; gz;Gfis kwe;J tplf;$lhJ. xU
rKjhaj;jpd; tsh;r;rpia mjd; gz;ghl;bd; epiyapypUe;J mwpayhk;. xU rKjhak;
ew;gz;Gfspy; gz;gl rKjhaj;jpy; mikjpAk;> kfpo;r;rpAk; epiyj;J epw;Fk;. ,e;jg;
gz;ghL kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwapYk;> kdpj cwTfspYk; glUk;.
5.10.1 el;G
Kw;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ngz;fs; tho;e;j
vy;iy> tPL vd;w ehd;F Rth;fSf;Fs; fl;lg;gl;l FWfpa vy;iy. ,jdhy; ngz;fs;
ntspj; njhlh;gw;w epiyapy; tho;e;J te;Js;sdh;. ngz;fs; ntspAyfj;jpw;F te;j gpd;
thOk; Kiwapy; rw;W khWghL cz;lhtJ ,aw;if. ngz;fs; Mz;fSld; gofNtz;ba Kiw Fwpj;J
vr;rhpf;Fk; tpjkhff; fy;fp>
“fbjq;fis mDg;gp tpl;L> me;je;j ];jhgdq;fspd; eph;thfpfs;
ckhuhzpia Nehpy; ghh;g;gjw;Fk; te;jth;fs; cz;ikahf te;jth;fSld; Nghyp
kdpjh;fSk; te;jhh;fs;. rpyh;> VjhtJ xU tpah[j;ij itj;Jf; nfhz;L ckhuhzpAld;
Ngrp tpl;L tuyhnkd;W te;jhh;fs;. ,k;khjphp xU ,sk;ngz; - nghpa gzf;fhhp – et ehfhpfj;jpy; rpwe;jts; - moNfh nrhy;y Ntz;lhk; - xU Gd;
rphpg;Gf;F cyfk; %d;iwAk; nfhLf;fyhk; - ,g;gbg;gl;lts; GU\d; Kjypa njhe;juT xd;Wkpy;yhjtsha;>
Rje;jpukhapUf;fpwhs; vd;why;> mtisg; ghh;g;gjw;Fk; mtSld; rpNefk; nra;J
nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,\;lg;gLfpwth;fs; xU nghpa gl;lzj;jpy; vt;tsNth Ngh; ,Ug;ghh;fs;
my;yth?”[xlix] vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
el;Gld; ,Ue;jhYk; cwTKiw msTld; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gij miyXirapy;
fy;fp “ghk;ig
tPl;bNy itj;Jg; ghy; thh;f;fpwhNa?” vd;W mk;kh nrhd;dhNs! mts; thf;F cz;ikahfp tpl;lNj! cd;id
,jw;fhfth ,q;Nf mioj;J te;Njd;?”[l] vd;W
gilj;Js;sjd; %yk;
ngz;fs; nghJ ,lq;fspy; goFk; NghJ el;G
Kiwapy; gofNtz;Lk;. mg;gbg; goFk;NghJ kpfTk; ftdj;Jld; nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
njspthfpwJ.
5.10.2 jpUl;L
~ngz;izf;fz;lhy;
NgAk; ,uq;Fk;~ vd;ghu;fs;.Mdhy>; fy;fp ngz;zhdts; jpUl;Lj; njhopypy;
<LgLk; gz;ghl;Lr;#o;epiyiaf; fhl;bAs;shu;.
“INah ghtk;! gps;isj;jhr;rpg; ngz;izj;
jdpah mDg;gpr;Rl;lhq;fNs!” vd;W me;j ];jphP nuhk;gTk; ghpjhgg;gl;lhs;. gpwF> “fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J fz;iz Kopr;Rz;L te;jpUf;Nf! nghl;bia
vLj;Jf; fPNo itr;Rl;Lg; gLj;Jf;f> mk;kh!”[li]
vd;W ey;yts;Nghy; ebj;J Vkhw;Wk;
epiyapy; ngz; ,Ue;jijf; fhl;bAs;shu;.mf;fhyj;jpYk; ngz;fs; gz;ghl;Lf; Fiwthd
nray;fspy; <Lgl;lij mwpa ,aYfpwJ.
5.10.3 jPz;lhik
jPz;lhik Fwpj;Jr; rhd;Nwhu; gyUk; kf;fspilNa tpopg;Gzu;it
Vw;gLj;jpdhYk;> mj;jPa tof;fk; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sijj; jpahfg+kpapy; fhz
,aYfpwJ.jdJ gps;is NtnwhU ngz;zpd; kPJ <LghL nfhz;L miytijj; jtwhff;
fUjhky;;; jPz;lhikapd; ngaupdhy; kUkfis mioj;J te;jjhff; $Wk; cyf ,ay;G
epiyapidf; fy;fp fhl;Lfpwhu;.
“vd;ndy;yhk; Ch; rphpf;f mbr;Rl;lhd; gpuhkzd;! giwaidnay;yhk;
tPl;Lf;Fs;Ns mior;Rz;L te;J – ChpNy vy;NyhUk; rhjpia tpl;Lj; js;sp itr;R – IiaNah! ,e;j mtkhdj;Jf;fhfNt Ch;g;gf;fk; ,j;jid ehsha; ehd;
jiy fhl;liy! mg;Gwk; Nghdhg; NghwJ> jfg;gd; igj;jpakh ,Ue;jh> nghz;Z vd;d
gz;Zk;D kdR ,uq;fpg; Ngha; mior;Rz;L te;Njd;.”[lii]
,jd; %yk; ngz;zpd;kdijg; Gupe;J
nfhs;shj epiyAk;>jfg;gdJ epiyapid mwpe;J ngz;zpd; tho;f;if mike;Js;sijAk;
fhz ,aYfpwJ.
5.10.4 gyhj;fhuk;
ngz;zpd; tpUg;gkpd;wp epfOk; ghypay; td;KiwNa ‘gyhj;fhuk;’[liii] MFk;. gz;ghL njhpahj kdpj Fy tho;f;ifapy; ,uz;L nghpa FiwghLfs; vg;NghJk;
epiyj;J epw;fpd;wd.
1. gpw ngz;fis mgfhpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w ntwp
2. gpwh; nghUs;fisf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w ntwp MfpaitNa me;j
,uz;lhFk;. ,e;j ,uz;L NguhirfSk; tuk;G fle;J vOfpd;w NghJ Nguhgj;J tpisfpd;wJ. ,J
gz;ghl;bw;F khWghlhd nray; vd;W gyUf;Fg; Ghptjpy;iy.[liv] fy;fp> fs;tdpd; fhjypapy; mgpuhkp gyhj;fhuj;jpw;F MshFk; NghJ
Kj;ijad; fhg;ghw;Wtjhf mikj;Js;shh;. ~ngz;
vd;gts; ghypay; nghUsy;y~ vd;gij Mz; r%fk;;; czu;e;J tho;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
,jd;%yk; njspthfpwJ.
5.11 njhFg;Giu
kdpj kdk; gz;gl;L
tUtJ gz;ghL vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.,y;yw
tho;f;ifapy; fw;Gepiyf; Nfhl;ghl;by; ngz; tho;jy;> tpUe;Njhk;Gjy;>
,iwtopghl;by; gz;ghl;bd; epiy Nghd;w gz;ghl;Lf;$Wfs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo;r;
r%f tuyhw;wpy; ngz; tfpf;Fk; njhlu; epiyfshd jpUkzkhfhj
epiy>gzpepiy>FLk;gtho;T>nghJtho;f;if epiyNghd;wtw;wpy; ngz;Zf;Fupa
gz;ghl;L epiy cUthf;fk; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfs; Ma;e;J njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
rKjhaj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l rFdk>;
ek;gpf;iffs;> rlq;Ffs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,t;tpaypd; %yk;
mwpe;;J nfhs;s ,aYfpwJ.rKjhak; ngz;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;Fj;; jilaha; mike;Js;s
gz;ghl;Lr; rpijTfs; Fwpj;Jk;> ,g;gz;ghl;Lr;rpijTfisj; jPu;f;Fk; KiwfSk;
,t;tpaypy; Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.ngz;fSf;Fupa jdpg;gl;l tpUg;G>ntWg;Gfs;
gz;ghl;bd; fhuzkhf mlf;fp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJk;>ngz;fSf;nfd gz;ghl;Lf;$Wfs;
tiuKiwfSf;Fl;gl;ljhTk; mike;Js;sJ ,t; Ma;tpd; KbthfpwJ.
[i] vk;.Mh;.VOkiy>
fk;gdpy; jkpo;g;gz;ghL> g.21
[vii]
fy;fp> mkujhuh K.gh.> g.37
[xiv]
fy;fp>
mkujhuh> g.689
[xix] fy;fp> jpahfg+kp> g.25
[xx] fy;fp>
jpahfg+kp> g.320
[xxvi] fy;fp> jpahfg+kp> g.184
[xxx] fy;fp> miyXir> g.790
[xxxviii]
fy;fp> miyXir> g.217
[xlvi] fy;fp> fs;tdpd; fhjyp g.120
[lii]
fy;fp> jpahfg+kp> g.137
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